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十溴二苯醚通过增强Ca2+从内质网向线粒体的转移加重高脂诱导的肝细胞凋亡

十溴二苯醚通过增强Ca2+从内质网向线粒体的转移加重高脂诱导的肝细胞凋亡

鲲创生物(kunchuang biotechnology/鲲创科技(kunchuang Technology)整理发布

 

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十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)具有优良的阻燃性能和阻燃能力,已广泛应用于电子产品、塑料和建筑材料中。然而,由于BDE-209在环境中持续存在,最终通过食物和空气进入到人体中。一些研究已经证实,BDE-209会扰乱甲状腺激素水平,损害生育能力,并造成神经损伤。

由于碳氢化合物构建的亲脂性,BDE-209倾向于在脂肪组织中积累,因此,超重人群肝脂质沉积,理论上会增加BDE-209在体内的含量,从而增强其毒性。一些与BDE-209具有相似性的阻燃剂已被发现具有更强的肝毒性,研究报道,高脂饮食(HFD诱导的肥胖小鼠,给予BDE-47BDE-209的类似物)和双酚-A处理,比正常饮食(ND)小鼠产生更严重的肝脂肪变性和纤维化。

内质网(ER)是一个重要的细胞器,负责修饰大多数分泌的蛋白,控制Ca2+稳态,在细胞中合成脂质等。持续的内质网应激会导致细胞凋亡,其中一种是Ca2+从内质网转移到线粒体,称为线粒体依赖凋亡。在双酚-ABDE-47中进行的研究发现Ca2+稳态没有改变。有研究发现BDE-209可损害线粒体功能。

2022年,一篇发表于Environmental Pollution杂志的研究论著《High-fat diet exacerbated decabromodiphenyl ether-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via intensifying the transfer of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria》,作者提出疑问:BDE-209作为BDE-47的类似物,对于肥胖人群是否具有肝毒性呢?如果有,那么具体的分子机制又是什么呢?

针对上述问题,Chen Sunni等研究人员,首先评估了BDE-209HFD诱导的肥胖小鼠肝损伤以及高脂培养基诱导的HepG2细胞损伤的作用,并探讨了其分子机制。研究发现,BDE-209饲喂8周可加重HFD诱导的肝损伤(图1)。

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1|BDE-209加重了HFD处理组的肝损伤。小鼠分别分为正常饮食对照组(NDC)、BDE-209100mg/kg体重(ND209)、高脂饮食对照组(HFDC)和BDE-209HFDC +100 mg/kg体重(HFD209),连续诱导8周。

接下来,作者发现BDE-209ER/Ca2+/线粒体依赖的方式诱导肝细胞凋亡(图23)。

image.png2|BDE-209可加重HFD处理组肝细胞的线粒体依赖性凋亡。将小鼠分为正常饲料对照组(NDC)NDC + BDE-209(ND209) 100 mg/kg体重、高脂饲料对照组(HFDC)HFDC + BDE-209(HFD209) 100 mg/kg体重8周。

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3|内质网应激蛋白及Ca2+从内质网向线粒体转移等相关蛋白的表达。小鼠分别分为正常饮食对照组(NDC)、BDE-209100mg/kg体重(ND209)、高脂饮食对照组(HFDC)和BDE-209HFDC +100 mg/kg体重(HFD209),连续喂养8周。

 

 

最后,通过细胞内Ca2+、蛋白和基因表达测定和透射电镜(TEM)实验,研究HFD如何通过Ca2+流动加剧细胞凋亡(图4)。

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4|BDE-209加重了HFD组的Ca2+转移。HepG2细胞经NDCDMSO)、ND209HFDCDMSO+500μM油酸钠/250μM棕榈酸钠)、HFD209BDE-209+500μM油酸钠/250μM棕榈酸钠)处理后,分别检测(A)细胞活力、(B)油红O染色、(CRhod-2AM检测细胞内Ca2+image.png

 

6|HFD有助于增加ER-线粒体的接触。小鼠分别分为正常饮食对照组(NDC)、BDE-209100mg/kg体重(ND209)、高脂饮食对照组(HFDC)和BDE-209HFDC +100 mg/kg体重(HFD209),连续喂养8周。

 

综上所述,BDE-209可加重HFD诱导的肝功能障碍和肝细胞凋亡。BDE-209的促凋亡机制依赖于ER-线粒体内在通路。基于Ca2+流动在内质网凋亡信号传导到线粒体中的作用,HFD通过丰富的ER-线粒体相互作用加速Ca2+流动,解释了BDE-209促进HFD肝毒性的现象。据我们所知,本研究首次阐明了BDE-209在肥胖模型中的肝毒性,并全面阐明了其潜在机制。可以预期,这些结果在面对全球肥胖流行时,为重新评估多溴二苯醚及其类似物的肝毒性提供了理论支持。

 

小编总结:油酸高脂试剂盒(油酸钠+棕榈酸钠)主要用于诱导脂肪肝细胞模型,包括HepG2L-02和原代肝细胞,一般采用的浓度比为油酸钠:棕榈酸钠=2:1,处理时间2-3天。本研究采用500μM油酸钠和250μM棕榈酸钠联合处理,成功诱导了HepG2脂肪肝细胞模型,具有较好的参考价值。

 

References

Sunni Chen, Siyan Che, Shiqi Li. High-fat diet exacerbated decabromodiphenyl ether-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via intensifying the transfer of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria [J] . Environmental Pollution 292 (2022) 118297. www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol

Chemical materials

Sodium palmitate and sodium oleate were purchased from Kunchuang Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Xian, China).

Abstract

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) as the flame retardant is heavily used in daily necessities, causing adverse health effects on humans. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE- 209), the most widely used PBDE, in lean and high-fat diet (HFD)-treated obese mice and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Firstly, the increasing levels of TG and proinflammatory factors in the liver and ALT and AST in serum demonstrated the hepatic damage caused by BDE-209 and further exacerbated by HFD. Tunel image revealed that BDE-209 induced more severe hepatocyte apoptosis with the assistant of HFD. Next, the mechanism analysis showed that the pro-apoptotic action of BDE-209 was in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Ca2+ flux/ mitochondria-dependent manner, concluded from the impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential, the enhancive protein expression of p-PERK/PERK, p-IRE1/IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, Bax/Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3/ caspase-3, IP3R1 and Sig-1R, and the over-transfer of Ca2+ from ER to mitochondria. Such proposed mechanism was further confirmed by the IP3R1 siRNA transfection cell experiment, where apoptotic rate was reduced in parallel with the reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ level. Finally, the higher expression of PACS-2 protein and the expanded ER contributed to the enriched ER-mitochondria interaction, reflected by the closer distance between ER and mitochondria visually displayed in the TEM image in HFD groups. This change was conducive to the rapid delivery of apoptosis signals via Ca2+, as proven, mechanically explaining the strengthening effect of HFD on BDE-209 hepatotoxicity. These findings detailedly explained the mechanism of BDE-209 hepatotoxicity and clarified the auxiliary effect of HFD, providing a theoretical basis for further studying other analogs.


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